Обсуждение:Благочестие: различия между версиями
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== Разделы == | |||
Данная статья является основной для категории «Благочестие» и состоит из следующих разделов: | |||
* [[Аскетизм]] (''[[зухд]]'') ٌزُهْد | |||
* [[Благоговение]] (''[[таква]]'') تقوى | |||
* [[Богобоязненность]] (''[[хашйа Аллах]]'') الخشية الله | |||
* [[Добродетельность]] (''[[хусн]]'') حُسْنٌ | |||
* [[Искренность]] (''[[ихляс]]'') الإخلاص | |||
* [[Правдивость]] (''[[сидк]]'') الصدق | |||
* [[Праведность]] (''[[салях]]'') صَلاَحٌ | |||
* [[Набожность]] (''[[бирр]]'') بر | |||
* [[Совершенство]] (''[[ихсан]]'') إِحْسَانٌ | |||
{{Благонравие}} | |||
== Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān == | == Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān == | ||
{| | {| | ||
Версия от 12:41, 13 сентября 2018
Разделы
Данная статья является основной для категории «Благочестие» и состоит из следующих разделов:
- Аскетизм (зухд) ٌزُهْد
- Благоговение (таква) تقوى
- Богобоязненность (хашйа Аллах) الخشية الله
- Добродетельность (хусн) حُسْنٌ
- Искренность (ихляс) الإخلاص
- Правдивость (сидк) الصدق
- Праведность (салях) صَلاَحٌ
- Набожность (бирр) بر
- Совершенство (ихсан) إِحْسَانٌ
| Благочестие (вара) | |
|---|---|
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Аскетизм (зухд) • Благоговение (таква) • Богобоязненность (хашйа Аллах) • Добродетельность (хусн) • Искренность (ихляс) • Правдивость (сидк) • Праведность (салях) • Набожность (бирр) • Совершенство (ихсан) Воздержание • Скромность • Справедливость |
Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
| Благочестие (747 слов)
Участие в лояльности к родителям (то есть сыновнее благочестие) или проявление преданности Богу. Понятие благочестия на арабском языке может быть передано не-qur'ānic term wara и zuhd, а также qur'ānic words birr, taqwā и iḥsān. (Для zuhd как этика см. Kinberg, Zuhd, см. Также этику и qur'ān.Iḥsan часто используется для выражения сыновнего благочестия и понимается комментаторами как birr, см. Рахман, основные темы, 42.) Далее основное внимание уделяется терминам birr и таква, которые рассматриваются в Коране как важнейшие компоненты истинной веры (см. веру и неверие).
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Piety (747 words)
Exhibiting loyalty to parents (i.e. filial piety) or manifesting devotion to God. The concept of piety in Arabic can be conveyed by the non-qurʾānic terms waraʿ and zuhd, and the qurʾānic words birr, taqwā and iḥsān. (For zuhd as ethics, see Kinberg, Zuhd; see also ethics and the qurʾān . Iḥsān is often used to express filial piety and understood by the commentators as birr; see Rahman, Major themes, 42.) The following focuses on the terms birr and taqwā, which are treated in the Qurʾān as crucial components of true belief (see belief and unbelief). Those who practice birr, the abrār, and those who have taqwā, the muttaqūn, or ¶90/2¶ alladhīna ttaqū, are mentioned among the future dwellers of paradise (q.v.; q 82:13; 68:34). The most comprehensive definition of the term birr is given in q 2:177: «It is not piety (al-birr) that you turn your faces to the east and to the west. [True] piety is [this]: to believe in God and the last day (see last judgment; apocalypse; eschatology), the angels (see angel), the book (q.v.), and the prophets (see prophets and prophethood), to give of one’s substance, [however cherished,] to kinsmen (see kinship), and orphans (q.v.), the needy (see poverty and the poor), the traveler (see journey), beggars, and to ransom the slave (see slaves and slavery), to perform the prayer (q.v.), to pay the alms (see almsgiving). And they who fulfil their covenant (q.v.), when they have engaged in a covenant, and endure with fortitude misfortune, hardship and peril (see trust and patience; trial), these are they who are true in their faith (q.v.), these are the truly godfearing (al- muttaqūn; see also fear).» This list touches upon interpersonal relationships as well as human-divine relationships, and in this sense it agrees with the definition of piety as it appears in Webster’s new twentieth century dictionary: (1) devotion to religious duties and practices; (2) loyalty and devotion to parents, family, etc. For a more profound understanding, however, of the references to piety in the Qurʾān, one should examine the qurʾānic correlation between birr and taqwā. The ending of q 2:177 mentions the muttaqūn, "the godfearing, " and refers to them as those who fulfill all the duties presented in the first part of the verse, namely those who practice birr. q 2:189 is even clearer about the similitude between birr and taqwā: «…Piety (al-birr) is not to come to the houses from the backs of them (see pre-islamic arabia and the qurʾān); but piety is to be godfearing (al-birru mani¶ ttaqā); so come to the houses by their doors, and fear God; haply so you will prosper.» In both verses cited above, comparisons are made between the true believers and the others, either Jews and Christians (see jews and judaism; christians and christianity) or the pre-Islamic Arabs (jāhilīs; see age of ignorance; south arabia, religion in pre-islamic) and the early Muslims who did not have the sharīʿa (see path or way; law and the qurʾān) to follow (Qurṭubī, Jāmiʿ, ii, 237, 345). Birr, in both verses, presents duties, the performance of which indicates true belief, defined as being godfearing or possessing taqwā. Furthermore, q 5:2 mentions birr and taqwā as two complementary elements of proper conduct: «…Help one another to piety (al-birr) and fear of God (al-taqwā); do not help each other to sin and enmity (see sin, major and minor; enemies). And fear God; surely God is terrible in retribution» (see also q 58:9). The commentators on this verse distinguish one term from the other by stating that birr implies duties one should perform whereas taqwā refers to actions from which one should refrain (Wāḥidī, Wasīṭ, ii, 150). This may be used to illuminate the way the two terms relate to each other and to clarify the way the Qurʾān understands piety. Birr is the inclusive term for ethics; it underlies the pleasing conduct in daily communal life; it is anchored in and stimulated by the feeling of fear of the one God (taqwā), which is fear of the consequences of actions that violate the values included under birr (see also virtues and vices, commanding and forbidding). |
Primary:
- Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Birr wa-l-ṣila, Beirut 1993
- Qurṭubī, Jāmiʿ
- Wāḥidī, Wasīṭ
Secondary:
- Arberry
- Izutsu, Concepts
- id., God and man in the Koran, Tokyo 1964
- L. Kinberg, What is ¶ meant by zuhd, in si 61 (1985), 27-44
- F. Rahman, Major themes of the Qurʾān, Chicago 1980