Обсуждение:Семья
Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
| Те, кто живет в одном доме или имеют общую линию. В то время как несколько терминов qur'ānic можно понимать как относящихся к семье, невозможно отличить только на основе только терминологии между домашней и биологической семьей или между тем или иным типом последнего (например, ядро, ¶ соединение, совместное или расширенное Семья, ср. Смит, Семья).
Āl (Лейн, 127) в q 15:59 и 61 (семейство Лот [q.v.]; Bell, i, 246); 3:11 и 8:54 (семья фараона [q.v.], Bell, i, 45, 167) может означать либо домохозяйство, либо (в случае фараона) последователей. Āl Ibrāhīm (семья Авраама [q.v.]) в q 4:54 может относиться к арабам (q.v.) или Muḥammad (q.v.) как к их представителю (Bell, i, 77, n. 3). Аль также имеет несколько значений (см. Аль-Рагиб аль-Ифафани, Муфрадат, с.в.-а-л-л, переулок 121). Во многих стихах (q.v.) во всем Коране это относится к людям дома или жилища (например, q 28:29, 29:32, 38:43, 52:26); В других, более конкретно, к семье (например, q 4:92, 12:93, 39:15 [пл.], 83:31, 84: 9, 13); Но в довольно многих из вышеупомянутых стихов (а также q 11:45, 46, 81, 15:65, 20:10, 29, 66: 6), эти значения взаимозаменяемы. В некоторых случаях ahl обозначает людей, например. «Люди этого города» от q 29:34 (Bell, ii, 387, ср. Робертсон-Смит, родство, 27). Байт, буквально палатка или, в городах, комната (в большом семейном доме), в которой размещается супружеская семья (Bianquis, Family, 636, см. Также Robertson-Smith, Kinship, 202), также используется в сложной фразе, например Ahl bayt и ahl al-bayt, буквально «люди из дома», например, в q 11:73 (Bell, i, 212) и q 28:12 (Bell, ii, 375) и могут обозначать либо (Джамаат аль-байт, ср. Аль-Рагиб аль-Ифафани, Муфрадат, sv byt) или семья. В стихе Мединана, например, 33:33 (Bell, ii, 414), это, вероятно, относится к семье Пророка (ахл байт Мухаммад, Шабари, Тафсир, ад., См. Семью пророка, люди дома). «Ашира, как родственники человека (см. Родство, родители, племена и кланы), его ближайшие или ближайшие родственники или ближайшие родственники по происхождению от того же отца или предка (Лейн, 2053, см. Также аль-Рагиб аль-Ифафани, Муфрадат , Sv '-sh-r, см. Комментарий Джалалайна о rahṭ в q 11:91: rahṭuka ='ashīratuka; согласие с аль-Рагибом аль-Ифафани [Mufradāt, sv f-ṣ-l], faṣīla at q 70 : 13 также отождествляется с'ashīra: wa-faṣīlat al-rajul ='ashīratuhu al-munfaṣila'anhu) появляется в q 9:24 (Bell, i, 176). 'Ashīrataka al-aqrabīna at q 26: 214 означает клан, более близкие (Bell, ii, 362). Qurba (q 42:23, Bell, ii, 487) обозначает отношение или отношение по женской стороне (Lane, 2508), тогда как aqrabūna (см. Q 2: 180, 215; 4: 135) и фразы, такие как dhū l- Qurbā (см. Q 2:83, 177, 4:36), dhū maqraba (см. Q 90:15, Bell, ii, 658) и ūlū l-qurbā (например, q 4: 8) относятся к родственникам, родственникам. Взаимосвязь, то есть близость родственников, в частности связь с женской стороной (?), Также выражается raḥim, pl. Arḥām, (lit. womb, Lane, 1056), как в q 60: 3 (arḥāmukum = qarābatukum, Jalālayn, ad loc.). См. Также ūlū l-arḥām (те, кто связан кровью, кровными отношениями) в q 8:75 (Bell, i, 170) и q 33: 6 (Bell, ii, 411). Оба типа семейных отношений, то есть спуск (назаб) и брак (ṣihr), упоминаются в q 25:54 (Bell, ii, 350). Было высказано предположение о том, что во времена Пророка семейная структура внутри арабской племенной системы проходила переход от матрилинейно-матрилокального, который был распространен в Центральной Аравии и в какой-то степени влиял в ранний исламский период на Патрилинейно-патриархально-патрилокальная, форма, доминирующая в Мекке еще до времен Мухаммада. Последнее развилось, когда из-за их причастности к торговле кочевые племена стали сидячими, что, в свою очередь, привело к росту индивидуализма (Ватт, Мухаммад в Медине, 273, см. Патриархат, кочевники).
|
Those who live in one house or share a common lineage. While several qurʾānic terms can be understood as referring to family, it is impossible to distinguish, on the basis of terminology alone, between household and biological family, or between one type or another of the latter (e.g. core, ¶ compound, joint or extended family; cf. Smith, Family).
Āl (Lane, 127) at q 15:59 and 61 (the family of Lot [q.v.]; Bell, i, 246); 3:11 and 8:54 (the family of Pharaoh [q.v.]; Bell, i, 45, 167) may mean either household or (in the case of Pharaoh) followers. Āl Ibrāhīm (the family of Abraham [q.v.]) at q 4:54 may refer to the Arabs (q.v.) or Muḥammad (q.v.) as their representative (Bell, i, 77, n. 3). Ahl also has several meanings (cf. al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt, s.v. a-h-l; Lane 121). In many verses (q.v.) throughout the Qurʾān, it refers to the people of a house or dwelling (e.g. q 28:29; 29:32; 38:43; 52:26); in others, more specifically to a family (e.g. q 4:92; 12:93; 39:15 [pl.]; 83:31; 84:9, 13); but in quite a few of the aforementioned verses (as well as q 11:45, 46, 81; 15:65; 20:10, 29; 66:6), these meanings are interchangeable. In some cases, ahl designates people, e.g. “the people of this town” of q 29:34 (Bell, ii, 387; cf. Robertson-Smith, Kinship, 27). Bayt, literally a tent or, in towns, a room (in a large family house) that houses a conjugal family (Bianquis, Family, 636; see also Robertson-Smith, Kinship, 202), is also used in a compound phrase, e.g. ahl bayt and ahl al-bayt, literally “people of a/the house,” for instance, in q 11:73 (Bell, i, 212) and q 28:12 (Bell, ii, 375), and can designate either household ( jamāʿat al-bayt, cf. al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt, s.v. b-y-t) or family. In the Medinan verse q 33:33 (Bell, ii, 414) it probably refers to the Prophet's family (ahl bayt Muḥammad, Ṭabarī, Tafsīr, ad loc.; see family of the prophet; people of the house). ʿAshīra, as a person's kinsfolk (see kinship; parents; tribes and clans), his nearer or nearest relations, or next of kin by descent from the same father or ancestor (Lane, 2053; see also al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt, s.v. ʿ-sh-r; cf. Jalālayn's commentary on rahṭ in q 11:91: rahṭuka=ʿashīratuka; accord-¶ ing to al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī [Mufradāt, s.v. f-ṣ-l], faṣīla at q 70:13 is also identified with ʿashīra: wa-faṣīlat al-rajul=ʿashīratuhu al-munfaṣila ʿanhu) appears in q 9:24 (Bell, i, 176). ʿAshīrataka al-aqrabīna at q 26:214 means a clan, the nearer ones (Bell, ii, 362). Qurbā ( q 42:23; Bell, ii, 487) designates relationship, or relationship by the female side (Lane, 2508) whereas aqrabūna (cf. q 2:180, 215; 4:135) and phrases such as dhū l-qurbā (cf. q 2:83, 177; 4:36), dhū maqraba (cf. q 90:15; Bell, ii, 658) and ūlū l-qurbā (e.g. q 4:8) refer to kinsfolk, relatives. Relationship, i.e. nearness of kin, specifically relationship by the female side (?), is also expressed by raḥim, pl. arḥām, (lit. womb, Lane, 1056), as at q 60:3 (arḥāmukum=qarābatukum, Jalālayn, ad loc.). See also ūlū l-arḥām (those who are related in blood, blood relations) in q 8:75 (Bell, i, 170) and q 33:6 (Bell, ii, 411). Both types of familial relations, i.e. descent ( nasab) and marriage ( ṣihr), are mentioned in q 25:54 (Bell, ii, 350). It has been suggested that at the time of the Prophet, the family structure within the Arabian tribal system went through a transition from matrilineal-matrilocal, which was common in central Arabia and influential, to a certain degree, during the early Islamic period, to patrilineal-patriarchal-patrilocal, a form dominant in Mecca even before the time of Muḥammad. The latter evolved when, due to their involvement with trade, nomad tribes became sedentary, which in turn led to growing individualism (Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 273; see patriarchy; nomads). The Qurʾān stresses the nuclear family and deemphasizes larger groupings like tribes and clans (Robertson-Smith, Kinship, e.g. 203 f.; Stern, Marriage, 81; Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 272-89, Excursus J, esp. 385, 387-8; Bianquis, Family, 614 f.; Al-Azhary-Sonbol, Adoption, 47-8). Muḥammad himself created a polygamous virilo-¶ cal family (Watt, Muhammad at Medina, 277, 284). That the core, biological family, consisting of a man, his wife (or wives) and their offspring, is the natural, basic social unit finds its expression in many verses. Meccan and early Medinan verses (see chronology and the qurʾān ), such as q 35:11; 39:6; 42:11; 53:45; 75:39; 78:8, understand God's creation (q.v.) of humans (and other creatures) as gendered to be a sign of his omnipotence (see Bouhdiba, Sexuality, Ch. 1; see power and impotence; signs). In some verses (e.g. q 30:21), the typical elements of human conjugal life, common dwelling, love and mercy, are also enumerated as such. A beautiful simile is used in q 2:187 where husband and wife are depicted as raiment ( libās) for each other (see clothing ). According to the Qurʾān, the conjugal framework existed for Adam and Eve (q.v.; e.g. q 2:35; 7:19) and shall continue to exist in the hereafter (e.g. q 2:25; 3:15; 43:70; see death and the dead; eschatology). Offspring are presented as an indispensable element of the core family in this world (e.g. 3:61; 7:189; 13:38; 16:72; 25:74; see also blessing ) as well as in the world to come ( q 52:21; Bell, ii, 535). Nevertheless, preoccupation with wife/wives and children is a danger for a Muslim (see q 64:14; cf. 18:80-1; Bell, i, 281; on the motif of children as temptation, see children ), and family ties will be of no avail on the day of judgment ( q 31:33, cf. Bell, ii, 403; q 35:18, cf. Bell, ii, 430; q 60:3, cf. Bell, ii, 572; see last judgment ). Duties of the members of the core family towards one other, as defined by the Qurʾān, reflect a patrilineal-patriarchal family pattern modified by monotheist ethics and a special sensitivity towards women and children in a changing society and under new economic conditions (see economics; pre-islamic arabia and the qurʾān; women and the qurʾān). Mus-¶ lims should respect their parents and be kind to them, because of the concern the latter showed while rearing them (e.g. q 17:24), but they must disobey their parents in idolatry (e.g. q 29:8; see disobedience; idolatry and idolaters). A husband, sometimes referred to as baʿl (a lord, master, owner; Lane, 228; e.g. q 4:128) or sayyid (a chief, lord or master; Lane, 1462; see q 12:25), owns his wife/wives — limited polygamy is allowed ( q 4:3) — and female slaves, with whom sexual relations are allowed ( q 4:3). “Your women are to you [as] cultivated land; come then to your cultivated land as you wish” ( q 2:223; Bell, i, 31); men have a rank above women ( q 2:228) and serve as their overseers ( q 4:34). A father owns his biological children, who are attributed to him, not to their mother (e.g. q 2:233; al- mawlūd lahu, “to whom the child is born,” cf. Bell, i, 33; see Zamakhsharī's Kashshāf ad q 2:233,… al- awlād lil-ābāʾ wa-li-dhālika yunsabūna ilayhim; on the issue of formal adoption, which is forbidden, see children ); and is responsible for the welfare of his wife/wives and offspring ( q 2:233; 65:6, both in the context of divorce). A wife should obey her husband (see obedience ), who is allowed to punish her physically for failing to do so ( q 4:34). This concept of patrilineal-patriarchal family is also reflected in the relatively detailed qurʾānic regulations concerning marriage and divorce (q.v.), including the waiting period ( ʿidda), women's modesty (e.g. q 24:31) and inheritance (q.v.). The Qurʾān, however, grants women a religious status which in principle is equal to that of men (e.g. q 33:35) and economic rights, such as the right to own property (q.v.), to receive the bridewealth (q.v.) directly, to inherit and to bequeath, etc., which represent a considerable attempt to achieve social reform and protection for the oppressed (Bianquis, Family, 619). ¶ In several verses, most of them Medinan, Muslims are ordered to support and show kindness to relatives ( dhū/ dhawū al-qurbā, for other similar phrases see above) — probably members of their extended families — alongside needy people such as those under their protection, orphans (q.v.), the poor, the wayfarer ( ibn al- sabīl), etc. (e.g. q 2:177; 4:36; 8:41; 16:90; see poverty and the poor ). In these Medinan verses, blood ties and the duties they entail are again emphasized, after having been denounced in Mecca (O'Shaughnessy, Youth, 37-8). Some ideas of the qurʾānic concept of the extended family and its dimensions can be inferred from verses dealing with inheritance, categories of people with whom marriage is prohibited, the regulation of the presence of women in public and familial environments ( q 24:31; 33:55) and those concerning eating in the houses of one's relations ( q 24:61). |
Литература
Primary:
- Bell
- Jalālayn
- al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt, Ṭabarī, Tafsīr
- Zamakhsharī, Kashshāf
Secondary:
- Kh. ʿAkk, Bināʾ al-usra al-muslima fī ḍawʾ al-Qurʾān wa-l-sunna min buḥūth al-ʿulamāʾ, Beirut 1998
- A. al-Azhary-Sonbol, Adoption in Islamic society. A historical survey, in E. Warnock Fernea (ed.), Children in the Muslim Middle East, Austin 1995, 45-67
- T. Bianquis, The family in Arab Islam, in André Burguière et al. (eds.), A history of the family, 2 vols., Cambridge 1996, i, 601-47
- A. Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam, London 1985
- N. Imāra, al-Usra al-muthlā fī ḍawʾ al-Qurʾān wa-l-sunna, Riyadh 1980
- Lane
- T.J. O'Shaughnessy, The qurʾānic view of youth and old age, in zdmg 141 (1991), 33-51
- W. Robertson-Smith, Kinship and marriage in early Arabia, London 1907
- A.M. Salīm, Bināʾ al-usra fī hudā l-Qurʾān, Damascus 1996
- R. al-Sayyid, Mafāhīm al-jamāʿāt fī l-islām, Beirut 1984
- R.T. Smith, Family. Comparative structure, in International encyclopedia of the social sciences, 17 vols. in 8, New York 1972, v-vi, 301-12
- G. Stern, Marriage in early Islam, London 1939
- W.M. Watt, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford 1956